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";s:4:"text";s:32617:"In order to control and ensure sustainable commercial harvesting, several Asian countries are implementing regional and national codes of forest harvesting practices. One is the huge consumer base of the region, with more than 620 million people - almost double the population of the United States. The share of China’s agricultural sector in its GDP has been consistently declining over the last decade, declining to 9.2% in 2014 from 11.7% in 2005. The fisheries sector plays a critical role in the national economies of small island developing states. FAO recently reviewed the situation of biofuel strategies for the Mekong delta region to assess their likely impact on poverty reduction.11 If petroleum prices remain high and more ethanol plants are built, demand for sugar and maize will increase, leading to higher prices of these crops unless technology can lower crop production costs per tonne. Among the group of 17 major rice producers in Asia, paddy production per person was less than 120 kilograms in 1951. In 2014, agricultural exports amounted to USD 50 billion and accounted for 17% of total Thai exports. The tendency for prices to rise was accentuated by the country's recent entrance onto the world skimmed milk powder market, and high milk powder prices, which led the government to impose a six-month ban on milk powder exports in January 2007. Did you like this article? The industry nevertheless is expected to continue to expand. Further structural changes relate to the changing importance of different production systems. Along with the urbanisation process, soaring labour costs owing to the increasing shortage of labour in the agricultural sector, environmental degradation and growing concern over food safety, Chinese agriculture is on the way to a transition which will involve rationalisation of the use of agrochemicals and fertilisers and increased mechanisation in production and harvesting. Vietnam has a broad agricultural base accounting for 18% of GDP and close to 70% of employment in agriculture. Meanwhile, making agriculture more remunerative and attractive for young people, balancing productivity with heightening . The true value of the role of agriculture and rural development in poverty alleviation and the provision of environmental services needs to be duly recognized. Not useful. The requirements for warehouses and temperature-controlled logistics will increase as Asian retail trade transitions from a ‘wet market’ to a modern retail format. The economic contribution of fisheries production tends to be less in Southeast Asian and South Asian states in general, yet fisheries still contribute more than one percent of the GDPs of eight of these states. Agricultural GDP has been growing at 2-3% per annum over the last five years. In 1950, there were only 1.4 billion people in Asia. Rural e-commerce platforms like Alibaba’s Taobao village, which connects farmers to consumers across China and promotes farm development through cloud computing, big data and rural finance could become the blueprint for similar developments in other Asian markets. Do you want us to respond to your remarks? If you look at Asia in general, SMEs have generated the largest number of employment opportunities, second only to agriculture employing more than 50% of the workforce. Found inside – Page 34By far the most important industrial plantation species in the region is teak ( Tectona grandis ) . ... region during 1981-85 ( compared to 884 000 hectares in 1976-80 ) , 58 % will be in insular Southeast Asia and 26 % in South Asia . The relative importance of the two sectors in GDP and employment declined in most countries between 1996 and 2014 (the earliest and latest Table 2.1. For soybeans, corn and beef, 20-30% of domestic demand is met by imports. Smaller urban families make it affordable to eat out more often. For example, the Canadian government is investing 49.5 million in technology like robotic harvesters and computer networks to digitize and automate aspects of agricultural production. The emerging modern trade and online food retail channel could become the harbinger of change in India’s agriculture value chain. Despite the importance of Southeast Asia (SEA) region in the world for economy and agriculture, and despite reported evidence of the modernization of various aspects of the agricultural sector, the information has not been compiled in ways ... In many of the countries, catching or farming aquatic resources forms a vital part of rural people's livelihoods. This book presents an extensive account of the green revolution's effect on the performance of Asian agriculture over the past two decades, as well as the second-generation problems that the green revolution is now experiencing. On a positive note, emerging trends portend an evolving situation on the ground. 7 FAO (2007a, para 13). Given the economic dependence of the developing world's population on this sector, it becomes crucial for development actors to tackle relevant issues faced by farmers and rural businesses and provide appropriate solutions. Aquaculture also makes an important contribution to GDP in the Asian region and it is increasing. As farms have consolidated, less labour and increased capital inputs have been employed to make the remaining workforce more productive. Since the mid-2000s, corporate sector investments in agriculture in developing countries have increased sharply, driven by rising commodity prices, the strategic concerns of food-importing countries, and commercial opportunities. Integrated policy and planning, between line ministries and the private sector, and within and beyond national jurisdictions, requires first of all that the agricultural sector becomes aware of its own environmental externalities as well as of the impact of environmental change on its economic and societal performance. Aside from primary production, food manufacturing is one of Australia’s few remaining competitive manufacturing industries, and Australia’s largest manufacturing sub-sector. Malaysia is largely self-sufficient in poultry and has very high per capita consumption at 50kg per annum, on a par with developed markets. Found inside – Page 142Crops are the most important agricultural subsector , constituting around 60 percent of agricultural gross domestic product ( GDP ) , with production concentrated in three broad agro - ecological zones : irrigated lowlands , rain - fed ... South Asia has the highest level of underweight prevalence in the world, with almost half (46 percent) of all children under-five being underweight. Key Facts. If this additional demand for corn and sugar is met by farmers shifting land from other crops, then prices of other foods will also increase. More recently, this trend has been reversed as new developing markets, particularly those in East Asia, have injected added demand for many of Australia’s food and agricultural products. In 2014, the sector contributed 6.9% to GDP and constituted 12.2% of total employment. Poultry production in particular has developed from a simple farm operation to a complex vertical operation of related industries and enterprises, including grain production for animal feeds, feed mills, slaughterhouses and processing plants, food chain stores and wholesale enterprises. Women represent fewer than 5 percent of all agricultural landholders in North Africa and West Asia, while in sub-Saharan Africa they make up an average of 15 percent. These issues are beginning to be challenged and addressed through market-oriented approaches and corporate farming to satisfy a growing population featuring rising income levels, urbanisation, demand for higher food quality and environmental concerns. Asia has been gaining pace in its progress within the realm of ESG and sustainability, albeit slowly. Similar to Malaysia, palm oil is the most important commodity for the Indonesian agricultural sector, representing 21% of total exports. In most Asian countries, agriculture is the biggest user of water and can reach up to 90% of total water consumption. In some countries, such as India and Pakistan, where there has been a strong dairy tradition, markets remain largely insulated from international price variations, although some market opening has started. However growth has remained sluggish in 2013-14.Thailand has strong production in rice, sugar, cassava, rubber and seafood. During the 1990s production of pigs and poultry almost doubled in China, Thailand and Viet Nam (FAO, 2006b). Estimates of the capture production value indicate that the contribution of capture fisheries to GDP accounts for more than one percent in many states in the region. Pig and poultry operations concentrated in the coastal areas of China and Viet Nam are emerging as the major source of nutrient pollution of the South China Sea. It produced 220 million tons of rice in 2018. A productivity-induced agricultural expansion can "pull" other sectors with it and increase economic activity and employment opportunities in rural areas (Anriquez and Stamoulis, 2007). With rising populations, increasing food prices and environmental concerns, Asia's agricultural sector faces a raft of challenges. Higher prices will of course help farmers, but there are other effects to consider. In sum, there can be no doubt about the critical role of agriculture and rural development in the attainment of the MDG goal of halving extreme hunger and poverty by 2015. Provisional estimates for 2014-15 indicate that agriculture’s share of national gross value added declined to 16.1% in 2014-15 from 17.2% in the previous year. 1 These three countries are home to just 29 percent of the developing world's under-five population. Dairy products alone represent roughly 30% of this figure. Food and feed crop demand will nearly double in the coming 50 years. Generating the PDF can take several minutes to complete. Thus, factory construction in the American Midwest is affecting the decisions of farmers in one of the world's poorest countries. In the meantime, China has become the world’s largest importer of animal protein and dairy in recent years. Recently, the government responded to the flooding in the country by halting rice exports to stabilise domestic prices. Rice is one of Asia's most important agricultural commodities and a major food staple of the entire continent. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA), Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT), South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC), Civil Society/Non-government Organizations, Building Climate Resilience in the Agriculture Sector of Asia and the Pacific, Regional Trade Opportunities for Agriculture, Revitalizing Asia's Irrigation: To sustainably meet tomorrow's food needs, Food Price Escalation in South Asia - A Serious and Growing Concern, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops, Water Rights and Water Allocation: Issues and Challenges for Asia, Operational Plan for Sustainable Food Security in Asia and the Pacific, The High-Level Technology (HLT) Fund: 12 Things to Know, The ASEAN Catalytic Green Finance Facility (ACGF): 12 Things to Know, South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Program: 12 Things to Know. However considering weather disruption and subdued economic conditions at the global level, this growth target appears to be challenging. Primary agriculture, forestry and fishing represents roughly 6% of total New Zealand industry gross value added, while the food and beverage manufacturing sector contributes a further 3.5% to the economy. And governments must focus the scarce resources that they have on increasing productivity, and not on subsidies that are often biased against the poor and encourage wasteful use of natural resources. On the import side, Indonesia is still heavily reliant on imports for staple food items such as wheat, soybeans/meal, corn, sugar and beef to fulfil the demand of its growing population. This is true in many parts of Africa in particular where, with some important exceptions, agricultural . Some . Of the top ten producers of capture fish, five are from the Asia and the Pacific region (China (1st), Indonesia (5th), Japan (6th), India (7th) and Thailand (9th). In China meanwhile, cold chain networks are suffering from poor operational control and unsophisticated technology, leading to frequent food safety incidents. Meanwhile, with the introduction of agricultural reforms in 1978, China began its rebuilding from the disastrous ‘Great Leap Forward’ agricultural collectivisation program. According to one estimate, relative to 1990, rice yields in Southeast Asia are projected to fall some 50% by 2100 (ADB, 2009). Asia and the Pacific region continues to be the world's largest producer of fish. Many women in developing countries are occupied in agriculture. Found inside – Page 191The decline in the relative importance of the agricultural sector since 1960 was strongly differentiated geographically through the vast land of Siberia . of agricultural employment declines sharply in the forest steppe region of West ... In 2014, China recorded an international trade deficit of USD 38 billion in primary and processed food products, almost a four-fold increase on the USD 8 billion deficit back in 2009. In this scenario, countries around the world, especially developing countries where the pervasiveness of hunger and food scarcity is more acute, are resorting to various counter strategies to meet the growing demand and to avert food insecurity and famine. In 2010, Asia harvested almost 570 million metric tons (627 million short tons) of rice, accounting for more than 50 percent of the continent's total cereal production—and roughly 90 percent of total global rice production. Found inside – Page 70A performing hydrometeorological information system is therefore and important part of the DRM cycle (OECD, 2014b). In the agricultural sector, timely weather and water level information allows farmers to plan evasive action if ... In many of the countries, catching or farming aquatic resources forms a vital part of rural people's livelihoods. Public investments in agriculture in India, for instance, have been generally the same since 2004. Nowhere is this phenomenon more apparent than in China’s position in the global pork industry, where it produces 49% of global production and accounts for 52% of global consumption [2014]. (2007) show that despite income diversification by rural households, households in the lowest expenditure categories still derive a larger share of their total income from agriculture when compared to households in higher income groups. lation and employment in agriculture. 2010) estimates that the yield potential in China for major crops—rice, wheat, and maize—could fall from the 2000 baseline by 15% to 25% by 2050. There has been a dramatic shift in the region from diets that were formerly predominantly vegetable-based to diets based on animal protein. Asia and the Pacific accounts for 37% of the world's total emissions from agricultural production, and the People's Republic of China alone accounts for more than 18% of the total. We need more success stories like this in the future. Extension provides a critical support service for rural producers . Agricultural Trade in South Asia Barriers and Prospects Nitya Nanda Abstract Agriculture plays an important role in providing livelihood and food security in South Asia. For these countries, output growth has remained firm, sustained by increases in domestic demand fuelled by economic and demographic growth. The government has set the target for agricultural growth at 3.8% per annum for 2015-2019. The World Bank Group is a leading financier of agriculture, with $8.1 billion in new commitments in 2013. at the same time both a saviour and a threat, illustrating the importance of mainstreaming . Arguably, the intensification of food production under the Green Revolution also did much to . Agriculture can also lead to land degradation, salinization, the overextraction of water and the reduction of genetic diversity in crops and livestock, problems which jeapordize its own future. Until only recently, real prices received by Australian farmers for their agricultural products have been declining over a long period. Found inside – Page 180It is important first to recognize how agricultural structure differs among the countries in East Asia. Table 7.1 shows basic indicators for agriculture in 11 countries in the region.1 Rural population comprises more than half of the ... Found inside – Page 210the EC–ASEAN Co-operation Agreement signed in 1980,9 and it provided a basis for the 'new Asia strategy' endorsed by the 1994 ... Also, a greater importance is accorded to South Asian and North-East Asian countries in this strategy. Ending hunger and malnutrition in Southeast Asia is essential and rice plays a critical role. which require raw materials. Rainfed farming in South Asia uses some 60% of agricultural land. Water demand from the industrial and household sectors is increasing rapidly whereas groundwater tables are falling in many parts of China and India, putting pressure on farm production costs. Could you maybe inform us why you do not like this article? On average, this has fallen from 30% in the early 1980s to between 10% and 15% today, with the contribution falling below 10% in China, Thailand and Malaysia. China alone is reported to have produced 70 percent of the world's aquaculture production (about four times the total fisheries production of Peru, the number two fishery producer worldwide). Found inside – Page 1Adequate provision of basic dietary and nutritional requirements for human well-being, or food security, is vitally important in South Asia. The countries of the region — Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, ... The agriculture sector of India has occupied almost 43percent of India's geographical area. Specifically, Asia’s two giant economies – the People’s Republic of China and India – are already enormous players within the global food system. However, an analysis of the available data on agricultural transformation clearly indicates that the labour share of agriculture declines much more slowly than the share of agriculture in national GDP. Found inside – Page 34tries of Southeast and middle - income East Asia . While Asia may continue to decline in importance as a market for U.S. wheat , the United States will probably still be the largest single supplier of wheat during the 1980's . Asia and the Pacific region has undergone a dramatic shift in its dietary patterns in recent years (Pingali, 2007). Asia is noted for several plantation cash crops, of which the most important are tea, rubber, palm oil, coconuts, and sugarcane. Key Words: Afghanistan Agriculture, , Conflict, Irrigation water, W ater saving irrigation. Thus, most of the production growth in land-scarce regions of Asia is due to yield gains and crop intensification. At the same time, higher yields cushioned farmers against the effects of falling prices. Therefore, as the rest of Asia develops further, it will follow the route taken by China and South Korea, with a consequent impact on consumption and purchasing behaviour. On the one hand, this increases the costs of logistics and on the other, it is an important cause of higher transit loss in agriculture output, and thus reduces supply to the market. Commensurate to this transition was the acceleration in urbanisation led by China, Indonesia and Malaysia. Asian agricultural imports now account for 26 percent of global trade, with developed countries accounting for more than three-quarters of that amount. In 2004, this amounted to 87.1 million tonnes 46.7 million tonnes from capture fisheries and 40.4 million tonnes from aquaculture (calculated as total aquaculture production minus aquatic plants). This is further accentuated by the degree of fragmentation of holdings, averaging 3.2 parcels per holding based on data for the period 1995-2005. Rubber, where Malaysia is the fourth largest producer globally, is another key contributor, though its share in exports shrank in 2014 given the protracted decline in rubber prices. Indonesia is the world’s largest producer and exporter of palm oil, as well as a leading player in other high value commodities such as cocoa, rubber and coffee. Myanmar is the leading producer globally of sesame seeds and the third largest producer of peanut oil, by volume. However, the problems faced by farmers are many and are pretty impossible to overlook. Malaysia more or less completely depends on imports to meet demand for sugar, corn and soymeal, whilst for rice the dependence on imports stands at around 35%. Dairy prices continue to trade at a significant discount to their 2013-14 highs, pulling down New Zealand’s broader terms of trade despite some relief from the depreciating New Zealand dollar. The poultry industry will go through demand-supply discipline due to slight oversupply caused in 2015. It can raise incomes, improve food security and benefit the environment. We may pick any country in the Asia Pacific as an example and we will find that SMEs end up playing an important role in the overall social and economic well-being of their . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. On average, goods pass through six or seven middlemen before reaching the ultimate consumer, resulting in large mark-ups and poor quality. 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